Graphic design is the development of illustration communication and problem-solving through the use of typography, photography and illustration. The field is measured a subset of visual

communication and communication design, but occasionally the term "graphic design" is used synonymous. Graphic designers generate and combine symbols, images and text to form visual

representations of ideas and messages. They use typography, chart arts and page layout techniques to produce visual compositions. Common uses of graphic design include company design (logos and branding), editorial design (magazines, newspapers and books), way finding or environmental design, advertising, web design, communication design, creation packaging and signage.

History

William Addison Dwiggins coined the term graphic design in 1922. However, graphic design-like actions span human survival: from the caves of Lascaux, to Rome's Trajan's Column to the illuminated manuscripts of the middle Ages, to the neon lights of Ginza, Tokyo. In "Babylon, artisans hard-pressed cuneiform AD to 1450 AD, monks shaped elaborate, illustrated manuscripts. In both its extensive history and in the relatively recent detonation of visual announcement in the 20th and 21st centuries, the dissimilarity between advertising, art, graphic design and fine art has moved out. They share many elements, theories, principles, practices, languages and sometimes the same benefactor or customer. In advertising, the ultimate purpose is the sale of goods and services. In graphic design, "the essence is to give order to information, form to ideas, face, and feeling to artifacts that document human knowledge." Graphic design in the United States started with Benjamin Franklin who used his newspaper The Pennsylvania Gazette, to master the art of advertising to support his own books and to pressure the masses. "Benjamin Franklin's ingenuity gained in power as did his cunning and in 1737 he had replaced his matching part in Pennsylvania, Andrew Bradford as postmaster and printer after a opposition he instituted and won. He showed his prowess by administration an ad in his General Magazine and the Historical Chronicle of British Plantations in America (the precursor to the Saturday Evening Post) that harassed the benefits obtainable by a stove he invented, named called the Pennsylvania Fireplace. His discovery is still sold today and is known as the Franklin stove. “American advertising initially imitated British newspapers and magazines. Advertisements were written in scrambled type and uneven lines that made it difficult to read. Franklin better organized this by adding 14-point type for the first line of the announcement; although later shortened and centered it, making "headlines". Franklin extra illustrations, impressive that London printers had not attempted. Franklin was the first to utilize logos, which were in the early hour’s symbols that announced such services as opticians by displaying golden spectacles. Franklin taught advertisers that the use of detail was important in marketing their products. Some advertisements ran for 10-20 lines, counting color, names, varieties, and sizes of the goods that were obtainable. The advent of printing Throughout the Tang Dynasty (618–907) wood blocks were cut to print on textiles and later to duplicate Buddhist texts. A Buddhist scripture on paper in 868 is the earliest known printed book. Beginning in the 11th century, longer scrolls and books were produced using movable type printing, making books widely accessible during the Song dynasty (960–1279).  During the 17th-18th century variable type was used for handbills or trade cards which were printed from wood or copper engravings. These documents announced a business and its location. English painter William Hogarth used his skill in drawing was one of the first to design for industry trade. In Mainz Germany, in 1448, Johann Gutenberg introduced variable type using a new metal alloy for use in a printing press and opened a new era of commerce. Previously, most marketing was word of mouth. In France and England, for example, criers announced products for sale just as antique Romans had done.

  inscriptions into clay bricks or tablets which were used for structure. The bricks gave in sequence such as the name of the reigning monarch, the builder, or some other VIP”. This was the first known road sign announcing the name of the governor of a state or mayor of the urban. The Egyptians industrial communication by hieroglyphics that use picture symbols dating as far back as 136 B.C. found on the Rosetta stone. "The Rosetta stone, found by one of Napoleon's engineers was an announcement for the Egyptian ruler, Ptolemy as the "true Son of the Sun, the Father of the Moon, and the Keeper of the Happiness of Men"“The Egyptians also made-up papyrus, paper made from reeds establish along the Nile, on which they transcribed advertisements more common among their people at the time. During the "Dark Ages", from 500

The printing depress made books more widely accessible. Aldus Manutius developed the book construction that became the groundwork of western publication design. This period of graphic design is called Humanist or elderly Style. In addition, William Caxton, England's first printer fashioned religious books, but had difficulty selling them. He discovered the use of leftover pages and used them to publicize the books and post them on church doors. This carry out was termed "squis" or "pin up" posters, in about 1612, becoming the first form of print promotion in Europe. The term Siquis came from the Roman era when public notices were posted stating "if anybody...", which is Latin for "si quis". These on paper announcements were followed by later public registers of wants called want ads and in some areas such as the first periodical in Paris advertising were termed "advices". The "Advices" were what we know today as want ad media or recommendation columns. In 1638 Harvard University established a printing press from England. More than 52 years agreed before London bookseller Benjamin Harris customary another printing press in Boston. Harris available a newspaper in serial form, 'Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestick'. It was four pages long and censored by the government after its first edition. John Campbell is accredited for the first newspaper, the 'Boston News-Letter', which appeared in 1704. The paper was known during the revolt as "Weeklies". The name came from the 13 hours requisite for the ink to dry on each side of the paper. 'The explanation was to first, print the ads and then to print the news on the other side the day before magazine. The paper was four pages long having ads on at least 20%-30% of the total paper, (pages one and four) the hot news was positioned on the inside.' The initial use of the Boston News-Letter carried Campbell's own solicitations for publicity from his readers. Campbell's first salaried advertisement was in his third edition, May 7 or 8th, 1704. Two of the first ads were for stolen anvils. The third was for genuine estate in Oyster Bay, owned by William Bradford, a pioneer printer in New York, and the first to sell something of value. Bradford available his first newspaper in 1725, New York's first, The New York Gazette. Bradford's son preceded him in Philadelphia publishing the American Weekly Mercury, 1719. The Mercury and William Brooker's Massachusetts Gazette, first available a day earlier.  In 1849, Henry Cole became one of the chief forces in design education in Great Britain, informing the government of the meaning of design in his Journal of Design and Manufactures. He organized the Great Exhibition as a festivity of modern industrial knowledge and Victorian design. From 1891 to 1896, William Morris' Kelmscott Press available some of the most important of the graphic design harvest of the Arts and Crafts movement, and made a lucrative business of creating and promotion stylish books. Morris fashioned a market for works of graphic design in their own right and a vocation for this new type of art. The Kelmscott Press is characterized by an obsession with historical styles. This historicism was the first important reaction

to the state of nineteenth-century graphic design. Morris' work, along with the take it easy of the Private Press movement, straight influenced Art Nouveau.  The term "graphic design" first appeared in print in the 1922 essay "New Kind of Printing Calls for New Design" by William Addison Dwiggins, an American book designer in the early on 20th century. Raffe's Graphic Design, published in 1927, was the first book to utilize "Graphic Design" in its title.  The signage in the London subversive is a classic design example of the modern era and second-hand a typeface designed by Edward Johnston in 1916. In the 1920s, Soviet constructivism applied 'intellectual manufacture in dissimilar spheres of production. The movement saw unusual art as useless in revolutionary Russia and thus moved towards creating objects for practical purposes. They deliberate buildings, theater sets, posters, fabrics, clothing, furniture, logos, menus, etc. Jan Tschichold codified the principles of contemporary typography in his 1928 book, New Typography. He later repudiated the philosophy he espoused in this book as dictatorial, but it remained significant. Tschichold, Bauhaus typographers such as Herbert Bayer and Laszlo Moholy-Nagy and El Lissitzky greatly unfair graphic design. They pioneered construction techniques and stylistic devices used all the way through the twentieth century. The following years saw graphic design in the modern style gain widespread reception and application. The post-World War II American economy exposed a greater need for graphic design, mainly in advertising and packaging. The extend of the German Bauhaus school of design to Chicago in 1937 brought a "mass-produced" plainness to America; sparking "modern" building and design. Notable names in mid-century contemporary design include Adrian Frutiger, designer of the typefaces Univers and Frutiger; Paul Rand, who took the principles of the Bauhaus and functional them to popular advertising and logo design, helping to create a uniquely American approach to European simplicity while becoming one of the chief pioneers of the subset of graphic design known as commercial identity; and Josef Müller-Brockmann, who calculated posters in a severe yet accessible method typical of the 1950s and 1970s era. The expert graphic design industry grew in parallel with consumerism. This raised concerns and criticisms, notably from within the graphic design community with the First Things First proposal. First launched by Ken Garland in 1964, it was re-published as the First Things First 2000 proposal in 1999 in the magazine Emigre 51stating "We recommend a reversal of priorities in favor of more useful, lasting and independent forms of communication - a mind shift away from product promotion and toward the exploration and construction of a new kind of connotation. The scope of debate is shrinking; it must expand. Consumerism is running uncontested; it must be challenged by other perspective uttered, in part, through the visual languages

and resources of design." Both editions attracted signatures from practitioners and thinkers such as Rudy VanderLans, Erik Spiekermann, Ellen Lupton and Rick Poynor. The 2000 manifesto was also available in Adbusters, known for its strong critiques of visual civilization.  Graphic design is applied to the lot visual, from road signs to technical schematics, from interoffice memorandum to position manuals. Design can aid in promotion a product or idea. It is functional to products and elements of company individuality such as logos, colors, packaging and text as part of branding (see also advertising). Branding has increasingly become vital in the range of services offered by graphic designers. Graphic designers often form part of a branding team. Textbooks are planned to present subjects such as geography, science and math. These publications have layouts that illustrate theories and diagrams. Graphic design also functional to layout, formatting, illustrations and charts. Graphic design is applied in the amusement industry in decoration, scenery and visual story telling. Other examples of design for entertainment purposes include novels, comic books, DVD covers, aperture credits and closing credits in filmmaking, and programs and props on point. This could also include artwork used for T-shirts and other items screen printed for sale. From methodical journals to news reporting, the arrangement of opinion and facts is often improved with graphics and considerate compositions of visual information - known as information design. Newspapers, magazines, blogs, television and film documentaries may use graphic design. With the advent of the web, in sequence designers with knowledge in interactive tools are all the time more used to illustrate the background to news stories.